The Rate, Levels, And Patterns Of Internet Adoption

Contrasting Rates, Levels, and Patterns of Internet Adoption in 2 Countries: Background on Countries: The Republic of Finland is a Nordic Country situated in the northern region of Europe with a population of 5,268, 799, last recorded in 2013 (Internet World Stats). Finland is a part of the European Union, and is a more economically developed country, meaning that there is a higher GDP per capita, more industrialization, and a high HDI. The Republic of Kenya is a country situated on the coast of Eastern Africa with a last recorded population of 41,070,934 in 2011 (Internet World Stats). Kenya is considered to be a less economically developed country, meaning that it is suffering conditions of extreme poverty, ongoing and widespread conflict, extensive political corruption, and lack of political and social stability. History of Internet Adoption: Finland has always been quick to connect to the Internet, and as of December 31, 2013, there are 4,821,478 Internet users in the country. That is an astounding 91.5% of the population (Internet World Stats). As seen in Figure 1, as years progressed, the amount of users increased. In the third column, it can be seen that the percent of population of users has also increased from 37.1% in 2000 to an astounding 85.3% in 2010. It’s amazing how dramatically Internet usage can increase in a decade, but understanding Finland’s Internet history, it becomes more understandable why there has been a massive increase (Internet World Stats).Show MoreRelatedFedex Macroenvironment Study1618 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Environment The cultural environment is made up of institutions and other forces that affect society basic values, perceptions, preferences and behaviors. 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Purpose/Needs Statement Example

Essays on Purpose/Needs Statement Thesis Proposal Purpose ment Purpose ment The main objective of forming Fatherless Children Center will be to offer counseling services to the fatherless children. The organization will be based in Baltimore City Maryland in U.S. The organization will provide a Christian environment for the growth of these children until they are mature to cater and fend for themselves. It will cater for the youth until they are independent. My center will enroll any fatherless child despite the ethnic group or race. The children may either have ever lived in a children home or may have been living with foster parents. The organization will aim at cooperating with government institution like the rehabilitation centers in promoting talents of these youth. The organization will construct separate buildings for girls and boys. It will separate children depending on the age. The center will promote both the curricula and co-curricular activities for the youth. It will incorporate the education system that is talent centered. The center will have a qualified staff and management. Supervision will be frequent in the center to correct any abnormal functioning of the center. I will make sure that I equip the center with all the relevant equipment. For instance, I will equip the center with emergency kit and a sanatorium to cater for sick children. Furthermore, I will make sure that I provide training service to my staff (Epworth children’s home, 2009). The center will have a cottage and case managers. The case manager will be responsible for developing a plan of care. He will also coordinate all the social service carried out in the center. On the other hand the cottage coordinator will ensure that the life of the staff is catered for adequately. The center will accept any form of aide from the public and will appreciate your effort (Department of education, 2011). The center will also have a website which will answer any questions concerning the center. The center will accommodate all fatherless children without limit. The main mission of the center is to provide high quality care in a caring and warm environment. This will be an environment where the youths are supported to come to terms with past and the current issues then begin preparation for their future. I seek to promote the condition of the youth by provision of an atmosphere where their relationships are guided mutually by understanding and respect. In addition, the main objective of this center will be to listen to the youth and encourage them accordingly. It will also promote and respect people’s differences and challenge the oppressive and discriminatory behaviors and attitudes. It will also encourage the youth to develop their abilities and live positively to fit in the diverse society. According to education department, the center will operate on the philosophies that are under the Children Act of 1989, the 2004 Act, Care Matters and the Young Person’s Bill (2011). The vision of the fatherless children center will be to provide a superior service for many individuals through a competent system and staff who will be effectively trained. Furthermore, the center’s purpose statement will be to break the most destructive cycle of neglect, shame and abuses and replace it with the best opportunity for every child to live respectfully, responsibly and productively. In conclusion, the core service the center provides is residential care. While at fatherless center, we will endeavor to cater for all the basic care needs the youth require. Furthermore, we promote educational value and talent nurturing. References Department of education. (2011). Statement of purpose and children’s guide. Retrieved from http://www.minimumstandards.org/stand_thirteen.html Epworth children’s home. (2009). Parent/ guardian handbook. Retrieved from http://www.epworthchildrenshome.org/admissions/documents/AdmissionsHandbook.pdf

Counselor Interviews Free Essays

Ethics in the field of marital and family psychology is a very sensitive subject to both the clientele treated and the counselors. The issue of ethics as it pertains to marital and family counseling can create barriers and obstacles preventing clients from being able to fully trust the counselor. Other ethical concerns vary from whether or not to inform a parent of their child’s admitted illegal drug use to that of having a client who divulges having a life-threatening sexually transmitted disease but does not wish to have their spouse informed. We will write a custom essay sample on Counselor Interviews or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different accredited psychiatric associations have developed and implemented a defined code of ethics upon which each participating member is responsible in upholding (ACA, 2005; Leong, 2008)). Education and training for licensed counselors serve as a platform to provide answers to ethical dilemmas, however; it is up to the individual counselor as to how he or she chooses to respond. Chase and Gina provide marital and family counseling to a variety of individuals. Chase works for a private mental health group and has been practicing for the last eight years. Gina is a licensed counselor working for a public mental health services organization. She has been employed at the same office for the last fourteen years. As professional counselors, both Chase and Gina indicate that the defined code of ethics outlined by the American Counseling Association (ACA) serves as a major tool of ethical reference (personal communication, May 18, 2010; ACA, 2005). Ethical Dilemmas I. Chase He was providing marital counseling for a very troubled couple (personal communication, May 18, 2010). The couple had entered into marital counseling because of issues of trust, mistrust, and possible infidelity. The wife was asserting that her husband had PSYCHOLOGY 3 been unfaithful. One evening after work, Chase stopped by the local grocery store. After pulling in he noticed a couple engaged in a very passionate kiss. Much to his surprise, he discovered that the female involved in the kiss was in fact the accusing wife whom he was currently counseling. She immediately disengaged from kissing her male companion after she recognized her counselor. At the next counseling session, the married couple indicated that the wife had admitted to her infidelities. The husband asserted that he had already filed for divorce, but he wanted to inform the counselor in person and request that his counseling continue on an individual basis. The wife asserted that she, too, wished to continue with individual therapy. As a result, Chase declined to provide the requested individual therapy, but did provide them each with referrals. His decision to do so was based on the probability of being called as a potential witness in the pending divorce proceedings (Hecker Wetchler, 2003). II. Gina A memorable case of ethics for Gina involved a mother and her three teenage children. The family had been referred for services via the local family court following a very difficult divorce and custody battle in which the husband, and father to the children, had just left. The mother had been diagnosed with Bipolar I over three years ago, but she had great difficulty in getting her manic episodes under control. As a result, her children had to be placed into foster care in order to protect their safety and well-being. After much therapy and many medication changes, the mother was deemed well enough to be a fit parent and was awarded custody. At a family session, the counselor noticed that the mother was acting out of sorts. She was extremely talkative but was not making much sense. She rambled from one subject to the next and was unable to sit down, all the while walking and pacing around the room. The counselor excused PSYCHOLOGY 4 herself from the room citing that she had to check on something, and she went and retrieved one of her supervising colleagues. He re-entered the session and was properly introduced. Gina felt it best if the children were not present at this particular juncture, so she invited the children to wait in an adjoining office where they could watch television. The oldest child indicated that his mom was doing it again; referencing the manic episode. Gina and her supervisor asked the mother if she was still taking her medications. The mother responded that she had discontinued her medications because they made her feel too tired and too groggy which interfered with her being able to take care of her children. The mother then questioned the counselors as to why there were so many bugs crawling on the walls. Gina then asked the mother if she would be willing to go to the hospital for a day or two in order to get her medications regulated. The mother refused. Gina chose to have the mother involuntarily committed as her mania and delusions provided that she could be of harm not only to herself but to her minor children as well (Corey, Corey, Callanan, 2007). While issues involving ethics often seems to center around the function and professional abilities of the counselor, they also come from the client (Pope Vasquez, 2007). Some clients are very concerned over the issues of confidentiality. This can lead both the counselor and the client to a dead end if the client does not trust the counselor enough to support his or her privacy. Some clients will test the ethical boundaries of the counselor as a means for determining the level of trust to be bestowed on the counselor. This is especially true in the ethical dilemma faced by Chase. In Gina’s case, she was faced with the issue of protecting the physical and mental well-being of her clients, the entire family. Involuntary commitment is usually a last PSYCHOLOGY 5 resort for counselors who are trying to help their clients. In rare instances, some clients will hinder the counselor with unwelcomed sexual advances. Counselors like Gina and Chase received much training from their respected secondary educational institutions of learning. This training and education was furthered during their graduate studies. Both counselors, however, explain that face-to-face experience is sometimes the best educator. It has been suggested that when an ethical dilemma is difficult to resolve, the best and most absolute measure to take is to consult with a supervising colleague. Other professional colleagues in the field may have already encountered a similar situation or know of someone that was involved in a similar dilemma (Kottler Shepard, 2007). Ethical dilemmas will continue to plague and confuse psychiatric professionals. Clients will invariably continue raising ethical questions whether deliberately or unknowingly. Organizations like the American Counseling Association have attempted to define and outline a specific list of possible problems with possible solutions. Experience combined with education and training offer recourse to counselors whose dilemma may be more difficult to resolve than referring to the currently endorsed code of ethics. In the meantime, counselors will dutifully stand by their clientele and support their mental well-being, which is ultimately the most important ethic of all. References American Counseling Association (ACA). (2005). Ethics. Retrieved from http://www. counseling. org/Resources/CodeOfEthics/TP/Home/CT2. aspx Corey, G. , Corey, M. , Callanan, P. (2007). Issues and ethics in the helping profession (7th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Hecker, L. , Wetchler, J. (2003). An introduction to marriage and family therapy. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press. Kottler, J. , Shepard, D. (2007). Introduction to counseling: voices from the field (6th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Leong, F. (2008). Encyclopedia of counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Pope, K. , Vasquez, M. (2007). Ethics in psychotherapy and counseling: a practical guide (3rd ed. ). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. How to cite Counselor Interviews, Papers

Strategic Responses Distribution Dynamics -Myassignmnethelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Responses Distribution Dynamics? Answer: Introduction It is hard to miss the Red Bull mini fridge on the counter if you have ever visited a super market or a hyper market. The iconic Red Bull logo and the grey colour of the fridge is something you cannot miss. Red Bull GmbH is an Austrian energy drink company that has been established in 1987. In this article we are going to be discussing about the marketing mix which is fundament to the concept of strategic management. In order to cater to the needs and requirement of the target market the organisation should make sure that the products reaches to the end customer. This is where the place and distribution section of the marketing mix gain importance (Energydrink.redbull.com 2018). Types of marketing Channel The marketing channels are the ways in which a product or service reach the end customer. This is done by a number of means depending on the type of product, the feasibility of the organisation. Scale of operation nature of the business etc. the channels can be divided in four sections which can further be divided as per the requirement of the company. The four basic marketing channels are: direct selling, selling with the help of third parties of intermediaries, dual distribution and reverse channels (Khan 2014). The purpose of each of these channels is to ensure the product or service reaches the right person at the right time. Red Bull has a sustainable business model where the company employs strategic management decision based on a sustainable approach, In order to commit to the purpose of reduction of Co2 emission the company uses train and ship to distribute the products. The shapes of the cans are made in an ergonomic style in order to make it easy for transport packaging (En ergydrink.redbull.com 2018). The company has been involved in using intermediaries to distribute the products. The products are made available various other organisations where Red Bull is sold to the end consumers (Olsson 2013). Challenges faced in managing appropriate channels The process of distribution of the product depends on the profitability of the organisation. Red Bull is available in 171 countries and the company has to keep up and adhere to the business dynamics of each of the countries in order to ensure hassle free availability. For a multinational company this is the biggest challenge in managing the channels of distribution (Khan 2014). Channel conflict and solution When there are third parties involved in distributing the products there are bound to be conflicts and grievances. The types of conflict are: horizontal or vertical conflict, multichannel conflict and inter type culture and the reason can be of various type. One of the most frequent reasons for conflict is miss communication or communication gap in between the company and the third parties involved. In order to resolve a conflict it is important to locate the issue and then analysis it to understand the nature and intensity, the source and the impact of the conflict should also be analysed. Based on the understanding a plan of action is required to be drawn (Olsson 2013). Importance of place and distribution strategies In the traditional concept of 4Ps of marketing mix place or distribution plays a very important role. It is the strategies that will ultimately enable the company to reach out to the target customers. This is important as this will ensure a large amount of sales volume and it has to be strategic because it is no point making a product or service available in a place where there is no demand for it. One of the many objectives of an organisation is to maximise profit and increase the sales and it is very important to marketing the product or service available at the right time and right place in order to do so. For example: Red Bull has distribution in gyms and fitness centres where the demand of the product will be high and there will be an availability of the target market. It can be said that Red Bull has an intensive distribution strategy so that they can make the product available at maximum spots (Khan 2014). Conclusion The Red Bull mini fridge at the local grocery shop or the supermarket has surely allured you to buy a can one or more times. The company has an indirect method of distribution and the company focuses on being sustainable and environment friendly. Reference list: Energydrink.redbull.com 2018.Home Page. [online] energydrink.redbull.com. Accounting: https://energydrink.redbull.com/ [Accessed 17 Jan. 2018]. Khan, M.T., 2014. The concept of'marketing mix'and its elements (a conceptual review paper).International journal of information, business and management,6(2), p.95. Olsson, R., Gadde, L.E. and Hulthn, K., 2013. The changing role of middlemenStrategic responses to distribution dynamics.Industrial Mark

Causes of inflation

Charles Loring Brace Essays

Charles Loring Brace Essays Charles Loring Brace Essay Charles Loring Brace Essay Charles Loring Brace Founder, Children’s Aid Society New York City Beth Boersma University of Georgia SOWK 6011 Fall, 2010 Introduction Charles Loring Brace is recognized as one of the founders of child welfare reform in the United States, particularly in the area of foster care and adoption. His work was conducted in the nineteenth century in New York City, in the midst of one of the most prolific eras of change in U. S. history. This paper will describe and summarize Brace’s background and the influences that led to his work, the impact of his work on the society of his time, the legacy of his work, and its influences on child welfare efforts today. Social Background Charles Loring Brace was born June 19, 1826 in Litchfield, Connecticut, described as a small but prosperous village, wholly lacking in urban luxury or vice, but providing its residents with something approaching urban levels of learning and culture. It was the home of the nation’s first law school†¦.. also the home of one of the first secondary schools for girls in the United States, the Litchfield Female Academy, graduates of which included Harriet Beecher Stowe and her sister Catherine Beecher† (O’Connor, 2001, p7). Charles was the second of four children born to John and Lucy Brace and, in the Puritan tradition of the time, he was primarily educated by his father. John Brace was a teacher at the Litchfield Female Academy, where he displayed a progressive slant on education by reforming the curriculum typically taught to girls to include more challenging subjects â€Å"including science, higher mathematics, logic and Latina curriculum that at the very least equaled that of most boys’ academies† (O’Connor, p. 8). Young Charles often sat in on his father’s classes and was undoubtedly influenced by the senior Brace’s feminist philosophy that female children should be educated on an equal level as males, in order to â€Å"improve woman’s ‘rank in society, placing her s the rational companion of man, not the slave of his pleasures or the victim of tyranny’† (O’Connor, p. 8). John Brace and his wife also believed strongly in the Calvinist traditions of duty, diligence, sacrifice, fortitude, and self-control and passed these values on to Charles. The Braces valued nature and Charles developed a strong connection between the beauty and grandeur of the outdoors and his related feelings of joy and immense satisfaction of being alive. Perhaps the most enduring value that Charles learned from his family was moral philosophy, or â€Å"the attempt to determine the nature of one’s obligation to one’s fellow man- and to God- and the attempt to discipline one’s character so as to fulfill that obligation to perfection†. (O’Connor, p. 18). Another early influences in Charles’ life was Horace Bushnell, a Congregational minister in Hartford, CT, where Charles and his family lived after John Brace took a position at the Hartford Female Seminary (founded by Catherine Beecher). Bushnell is â€Å"regarded by many as the most important American religious thinker of the nineteenth century† (O’Connor, p 18). Rev. Bushnell promoted the ideals of spiritual development throughout the lifespan, which was in direct opposition to Calvinistic beliefs of the innate depravity of humans from birth. This idea would deeply impact Charles’ later work. Charles entered Yale in 1942 at age sixteen and he proved to be an excellent student. At Yale, Charles became close friends with his roommate, John Olmsted, as well as John’s brother, Frederick Law Olmsted, the future architect and urban designer. During his years at Yale, which also included some time at the Yale Divinity School, Charles demonstrated a strong interest in philosophy and he explored a variety of the world’s religions and spent lots of time debating various issues and ideas with his friends and classmates. This led to Charles’ development of a set of beliefs that would guide his life’s work: First, despite the societal attitude that poverty and criminality were synonymous, Brace believed that a truly just system would see that â€Å"lawbreakers might have motives or other qualities that redeemed them, and that God cared less about human law than about romoting happiness† (O’Connor, p. 30). Second, Brace believed that the family was the primary method of shaping humans, as well as the tangible â€Å"image of God’s relationship to humanity: God was a father who loved His children and only wanted only their happiness† (O’Connor, p. 31). Brace went on to view G od’s father figure as trying to mold or improve the character of His children, a value that justified Brace’s efforts to use Christianity and Protestant values as the guiding principles in his work. After the death of his beloved sister, Emma, in 1850, Charles spent a few years travelling across Europe as a foreign correspondent for American newspapers after college and he also used this time to visit schools and other organizations that served the poor in Germany, Hungary, Ireland and England. One result of this time of exploration, observation and study was that Charles came to understand Protestant Christianity as the most advanced, and therefore most superior, guide to moral behavior. He viewed the improved social standing of women and advances in the care and treatment of children as the direct result of the influence of Christianity. Brace stated that â€Å"of all practical changes which Christianity has encouraged or commenced in the history of the world, this respect and value for children is the most important, as it affects the foundation of all society and government, and influences a far distant future† (Bullard, 2005, p. 31). Social Context Throughout Charles’ life thusfar, cities in America had been experiencing tremendous change. The Panic of 1837 had significant impact on levels of unemployment and homelessness, as well as a loss of faith in the idea that religion could be a primary means of change (Nelson, K, 1995, p. 57-58). Events such as the Astor Place riot (1849) and rampant outbreaks of disease caused citizens to believe that â€Å"the foundations of civilization were crumbling at their feet† (O’Connor, p. 42). Movement toward industrialization and urbanization, as well as the swell of immigration during this time contributed to unprecedented levels of population, crime, violence, and other social concerns such as drunkenness, prostitution and domestic violence. The transition from a primarily agricultural society to an industrial one, while beneficial in many aspects, was producing social problems that needed ways of being addressed. After completing his studies at Yale Charles, believing that he heard a call to the ministry, moved to New York City in 1848 to study at Union Theological Seminary. His friend, Frederick Law Olmsted, was already in New York and had written to Charles about his visions for the work they might do to impact the current circumstances of people in the city: â€Å"Throw your light on the paths in Politics and Social Improvement and encourage me to put my foot down and forwards. There’s a great work wants doing in this our generation, Charley- let’s off jacket and go about it† (O’Connor, 2001, p. 26). Upon arriving in New York City, Charles was shocked to see the levels of poverty in the city. Slums overflowed with immigrants and workers who had flocked to the factories that proliferated with the boom of industrialization. Working-class families lived on the edge of poverty; when they slipped over that line, their children were forced to supplement their parents’ income with what they could earn on the streets. Those from the most destitute families- ravaged by disease, alcoholism and violence- often never returned home. (Eviatar, 2001, p. 25). The prevailing response to the increasing numbers of street children was to place them in orphanages, prisons, asylums or indentured servitude. Members of the privileged Victorian upper classes viewed poor children primarily as future criminals and miscreants. Charles Loring Brace, however, saw these children a little differently: Although he thought there were some things that were truly ‘dangerous’ about this class of children (not only as future rioters and robbers but as voters who might elect presidents out of ignorant rage), Brace was one of the first public activists to recognize their authentic virtues and their tremendous potential for good. He truly liked the children he worked with, but more important, he respected them† (O’Connor, p. 78). Brace admired the self-deprecating humor, energy, independence, resolve, moral code, generosity and resourcefulness of the children of the streets. When Charles Darwin’s The Origin of the Species was published in 1859, Brace read it repeatedly and came to view these children, the survivors of â€Å"the struggle for existence† in the fiercest environments, as potentially the most evolutionarily advanced individuals in the nation. â€Å"The problem, as Brace saw it, was that the very environment that bred these robust and most characteristically American of Americans often led them to employ their natural abilities in the worst possible manner, with respect to both their own well-being and society’s† (O’Connor, p. 80). Contribution to Social Work In her textbook, A New History of Social Welfare, sixth edition, Phyllis Day describes Charles Loring Brace thusly: Brace believed that pauper families should be prevented from getting any kind of relief that would keep them together. His solution was to relocate children with families in the West, where they might learn the benefits of hard work in an untouched environment. For twenty years, haphazardly and without follow-up, often simply â€Å"taking† (kidnapping) children they felt were in need, agents loaded children on trains and shipped them to cities in the West, where they were â€Å"picked over† and chosen by families. Unfortunately, many families just wanted the extra help and badly mistreated the children. Many simply disappeared, either running away, getting lost, or dying (Day, 2009, p. 233). Upon further exploration, however, Brace actually had a much deeper desire to help further and deepen the lives of the street children of New York, and he made developing ways of assisting them the primary focus of his work. Brace worked in several settings in New York City (missions, almshouses, tenements, etc. in the early 1850s and honed his focus: â€Å"The way to save the children of the slums, then, and to allow the nation to benefit from their enormous potential, was to find a way to alter their environment so that their best qualities could thrive and become a boon rather than a curse. All of the early projects of the Children’s Aid Society would be attempts to modify the environment of poor children so as to replace the worst influences exerted on them with more â€Å"Christian† one s (O’Connor, p. 80). In January, 1853, Brace met with a group of concerned individuals to discuss these ideas and issues and they founded the Children’s Aid Society (CAS), with a goal of helping the children of the streets by â€Å"plac(ing) them in an environment where their most basic physical needs could be met and their own most healthy and virtuous impulses would make them want to improve themselves, to become the very best men and women they could be† (O’Connor, p. 82). Brace was selected as the leader of the organization, with responsibility for developing plans for the agency’s work as well as the marketing and advertising strategies that would support it. While Brace’s primary intent for the CAS was to follow his belief that Christian men had â€Å"a responsibility to God† to care for the less fortunate children, he also developed a method of appealing to wealthy New Yorkers, the potential financial backers, by showing the advantages of the CAS’ work in attempting to ensure that future society would be protected from the potential negative impact of leaving these children to their own devices on the streets. The CAS borrowed some ideas from existing social service agencies of the time, such as holding â€Å"Sunday meetings† and opening Industrial schools, which were designed to provide an opportunity for the street children to develop basic reading, writing and arithmetic skills, as well as to develop useful job training and trade skills that were of benefit to society. â€Å"Girls learned the ‘needle trades’ (sewing, and dress- and hat-making) and skills they could use as domestics (housecleaning, cooking, serving). Boys were taught such skills as carpentry and shoe- and box-making† (O’Connor, p. 86). Most of the children served were teenagers and the CAS treated them as competent individuals, capable of deciding on their own whether or not they wanted to participate in CAS services. The CAS did employ strong persuasive and evangelical techniques, in an effort to encourage participation, but did not force anyone to participate against their will. Unlike asylums, orphanages, houses of refuge and prisons, which attempted to reform poor children by submitting them to inflexible routines of training, religion and work, the CAS primarily attempted to shape children’s character through the choices it offered and the ‘unconscious influence’ exerted by its ostensibly virtuous staff. Brace believed, in fact, that the offering of choice itself was character-building because it encouraged autonomy and independence† (O’Connor, p. 87-88). The New York newsboys became the face of the children served by the CAS. Popular books by Charles Dickens and Horatio Alger had put the newsboys in the forefront of societal awareness and Charles Loring Brace viewed the newsboys as the personification of the strengths and qualities that he admired most about the children of the streets. The CAS opened the first Newsboys’ Lodging House in 1854, in order to provide reasonably-priced lodging as an option to sleeping on the streets. Residents of the lodging house were expected to pay six cents for a bed and four cents for a meal, in accordance with Brace’s beliefs in self-sufficiency and independence. The lodging house also provided various opportunities for children to engage in reading the Bible and learning about the Golden Rule and the love of God. However, as time passed, Brace saw the benefits of providing practical information and education to the children, such as financial management and educational skills, haircuts, and basic medical treatment. In the lodging houses children were, as Brace described it, â€Å"shaped to be honest and industrious citizens; here taught economy, good order, cleanliness, and morality; here Religion brings its powerful influences to bear upon them; and they are sent forth to begin courses of honest livelihood† (O’Connor, p. 93). As the railroads expanded West, Brace developed another option for assisting homeless children of the city. Expanding on the seeds planted by Rev. Bushnell in his youth, Brace came to believe that, as the moral and spiritual development of children had the potential to be impacted by all they came in contact with, facilitating the move of the street children to more â€Å"decent and properly Christian† environments would be the best way to preserve and enhance their character. By using his contacts with a railroad executive and patron of the CAS, Brace developed an â€Å"Emigration Plan†, in which children who were orphans or from destitute families could sign up for train transport West, towards placement with a new â€Å"family†. Brace strove to maintain the importance of the child’s independence and did not follow the â€Å"indenture† plan of earlier times, in which children were bound to their new family for a period of time in order to pay off debts related to their inclusion in that household. Under Brace’s plan, the CAS or the child’s family maintained guardianship and the relationship between the child and the placement family could be dissolved at any time if either party was dissatisfied. The child was expected to work as a member of the new family, in order to â€Å"pay† his/her way. The new family was expected to provide room and board, make arrangements for education of younger children, provide opportunities for the child to develop work skills and experiences, and provide them some money upon reaching age 21, at which time the child was expected to assume full independence and responsibility for himself. According to CAS archives, CAS moved an estimated â€Å"105,000 children between 1853 and the early 1930s† (O’Connor, p. 49) to the West. While the â€Å"orphan trains†, as they became known, were a massive undertaking, Brace also maintained focus on the local efforts in New York, opening the first Girls’ Lodging House in 1862 and continuing to work with the CAS until his death in 1890, consistently working to enhance the reputation of the CAS, as well as to provide support for children in need. Criticisms Critics of Brace have identified several issues with his work. Throughout the Orphan Train activity, there were consistent complaints that these efforts were, in fact, a move to proselytize Catholic youths (the majority of the street children) and to send them to Protestant families in the West, where they would lose connection with the faith of their ancestors. After Brace’s death, his sons took over the management of CAS and they actually took steps to focus efforts on Protestant children in order to decrease this criticism. Catholic children in need were the focus of Catholic-specific aid agencies. Another complaint was the lack of consistent record-keeping on the children served, especially those sent West. CAS did not take steps to verify the circumstances of children who showed up to take a train trip and there were many who were critical of the fact that some of the children who were sent away were, in fact, from intact functional families. A third issue for critics was that Brace appeared to be somewhat selective in the information that he made public regarding CAS’ work, apparently choosing to idealize the results and minimize the facts related to those whose cases did not end positively. The vast majority of the children who were sent West did not receive any follow-up; neither was there any screening mechanism to determine if placement families were actually upstanding people, or if they might be taking advantage of, or abusing, the children placed with them. In promotional writings, Brace frequently depicted the orphan train efforts as having very high success rates, but in actuality, â€Å"approximately 20 percent of records made under Brace’s stewardship are so incomplete that it is impossible to get any idea of how a child fared in his or her new home, and most of the remaining files are so fragmentary that conclusions based on them can only be educated guesses at best† (O’Connor, p. 49) Clay Gish (1999) identified another criticism that still affects child welfare efforts today: â€Å"One of Brace’s most enduring- and most problematic- legacies to modern social services is that he made it acceptable policy to intervene in the lives of the poor on the grounds of protecting their children† (Gish, p. 137). Summary Charles Loring Brace made many contributions to child welfare reform in the nineteenth century. As described by Howard Husock (2008), â€Å"the scale of what Brace did is stunning, especiall y for those who believe that only government can undertake large-scale efforts to help the poor. Over its first 27 years, the Children’s Aid Society provided temporary assistance and moral instruction to the 170,000 children who passed through its seven Lodging Houses. It also placed 50,000 orphans and other street children in homes in Michigan, Wisconsin and other points west, in order to bring them under the ‘healthy influence of family life’. And it established ’21 day schools’- vocational schools for older kids- ‘and 14 night schools, with an aggregate annual attendance of about 100,000 children† (Husock, p. 4). Husock continued: â€Å"In a manner now familiar, he (Brace) identified and described a social problem: child homelessness and its potential to fuel ‘the dangerous classes’. He established a freestanding organization, not linked, for instance, to any one church; assembled a board; successfully solicited thousands of donors; and brought together volunteers and paid staff† (p. 5). Brace arguably impacted the crime rates in New York City as a result of his work as well. A review of crime records in New York from 1861-1871 (O’Connor, p. 75) shows that, while the city’s population grew consistently, arrest rates for vagrancy and petty larceny (the primary crimes children were arrested for) decreased each year. Brace also positively affected the implementation of truancy laws in the city, through his consistent and vociferous support of compulsory education for all children. As time has passed and Brace’s work has been reviewed, many critiques and p roblems have been identified. However, when viewed in the context of nineteenth-century society, Brace’s work shows a progressive ideal that undoubtedly made a difference. The efforts had decidedly mixed results and certainly did not end in overwhelmingly positive outcomes for every child involved. However, research shows that Brace’s true intent did indeed appear to be to help those in need, in accordance with his personal religious mandate of having an obligation to do so. As a child who was adopted at birth, this writer can appreciate Brace’s efforts to facilitate the movement of children in need to more positive and family-oriented situations. I certainly feel for many of the children and families that were separated, whether as a direct result of Brace’s efforts or by some ther circumstance, as this was surely a heart-wrenching experience to have. Then again, I recognize that I am viewing these situations through a twenty-first century lens, which colors my perspective a bit. In the nineteenth century, children were expected to work and be contributors to the family’s well-being as opposed to current views of children a s â€Å"special† beings primarily in need of love and support in order to grow, develop and become productive and upstanding members of society. Charles Loring Brace lived during the beginnings of the shift in societal views on children and their roles. In review of his work, it appears that he did what he was capable of to make a difference in the lives of those he was called to serve.

Freedom of speech in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom of speech in the United States - Essay Example The subject of free speech is among the most contentious issues in the liberal countries such as the United States (Sunstein, np). Freedom of expression becomes a volatile matter when it is highly valued. The reason for this being that only then does the boundaries placed upon it turn out to be controversial. The appropriate philosophical framework for deciding the free speech cases can be as follows: The first issue to take into consideration in any sensible argument for freedom of expression is that it will have to be restricted. It is prudent as a justice to establish whether the case does not go beyond the limitations of freedom of expression. Furthermore, it must determine whether the case is tantamount to violation of the National Defence Authorization Act provision. Important controversies that arise in free speech can be resolved by clear definition of the limits of freedom of expression. One manner of solving this is to stipulate noticeably the issues that are considered to be beyond the restrictions of free speech. The thing that ought to be protected is the interest of the people in light of exercising their freedom of expression (Calvert et al., 635). Like, in this case, the concerns of the defendant should be protected by the law regardless of his opinion towards the government. What’s more, in as much as the freedom of speech is vital to the people, there are some things that should be circumscribed. For instance, the people should be restricted to engage on issues that are a threat to the national security, as well as private security.

Negative Effects of Advertising on American Youth Essay

Negative Effects of Advertising on American Youth - Essay Example One of the ways through which companies use technology is through advertising and marketing. Through this, companies communicate with consumers, mainly creating awareness about their new products, or promoting their companies, for increased profitability. Marketing and advertising benefits the company the most, since this promotes company products, hence more sales for the company. On the other hand, consumers too benefit from marketing and advertising, as this makes them aware of the products in the market by different companies, thus are able to make their purchasing decision, after comparing various products in the market. However, advertising and marketing is also known to have negative influences on the target population for which the adverts are aimed. Marketing and advertising has negative effects on the youth in America, and these include eating disorders and obesity, body dissatisfaction, violence, and consumerism. Commercial broadcasting is highly used by different companie s today. The television is the most known for airing most commercials advertisements today. This is probably because more people have access to the television; therefore, companies can reach a larger number of people through the television. On the other hand, print magazines are also a channel for advertisements, which is used by different companies. Most youth, especially the females, are highly attracted to fashion magazines, which are available and produced by various companies. Similarly, outdoor advertising, which involves different outdoor activities planned by a company, are mainly aimed at promoting the company and its products. Other forms of outdoor advertising include transit posters, bus adverts, bench advertising, and highway billboards, which communicate various messages from a company to the public. Nonetheless, apart from promoting and boosting company sales, these different forms of advertising have negative effects on the youth in America. Advertisements and the ap proach used therein are considered to brainwash most people and affect the perspective of people on morals and self-image (Harper, Brit and Tiggemann 645). In the United States, there is the right to freedom of speech for advertisers, and this could probably be the reason why these sometimes ignore the negative implications of most of their advertisements. With regard to body dissatisfaction, most youth in America are influenced by the body images in various advertisements, and therefore, think of those as the ideal body images (Hargreaves and Tiggemann 469). In television advertisements for beauty products for both male and females, model women and men are used. In the past, women models were portrayed as plumb and healthy, however, today, models are portrayed as skinny (Sparks 217). On the other hand, male models on television advertisements today are portrayed as men with steroidal masses, with muscles, and great strength. According to Hargreaves and Tiggemann, the exposure to th e model body images in television advertisements has a negative impact on the perceptions of the youth about their bodies (470). These might therefore, look for ways of attaining the â€Å"ideal† body, as portrayed in television advertisements. The second negative effect of advertisements to the youth in America is obesity and eating disorders. Obesity is a growing problem in the United States today. This problem affects the youth also, and this is highly attributed to the massive advertisements shown on the television and other advertising platforms, promoting fast food. Obesity is lethal, since this could lead to type 2 diabetes. The main factor promoting this in the United Sta

CRITICALLY ASSES WHY ORGANISATIONS SHOULD IMPLEMENT SUPPORTIVE CARREER Essay - 1

CRITICALLY ASSES WHY ORGANISATIONS SHOULD IMPLEMENT SUPPORTIVE CARREER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES - Essay Example good example of these changes is the nature of contracts that are available to potential employees, whereas psychological contracts were mostly the main terms of agreement between workers and their employees and involved issues only relating to the particular position they were applying for at the time, the introduction of transactional contracts that leave room for improvement should the individual progress through the ranks in the organization are now the main type of agreements found in many companies (Yehuda, 2004). It is important to note that a career can either be driven by an individual and is referred to as Individual Career Management (ICM) or the organization they are working for referred to as Organizational Career Management (OCM). ICM can be described as the act of an individual taking charge of the progress of their career through the choices and activities that they indulge in without any assistance from their employees while OCM refers to the progression of one’s career through the assistance of the company that they are currently employed at with the aim of them moving up the ranks within that particular organization (Yehuda, 2004). Job postings – This refers to the internal advertising of available positions within the organization for any interested employees. These job postings can be advertised via communal communication mediums such as notice boards within the company’s buildings. Performance appraisal for Career planning – This refers to the activity of having the quality of an individual’s work determined by their superiors in a bid to determine their chances of progressing through the ranks. This helps an employee know if they are performing well or if they need to improve on their work. Formal education – This involves the organization funding its employees’ further education so as to assist them in improving their qualifications for higher ranking positions that may be available in the future. This funding can be done

The Economy Of Delta State In Nigeria Economics Essay

The Economy Of Delta State In Nigeria Economics Essay Nigerian economy, at first was based mainly on agriculture; it exported agricultural products like cocoa, rubber, palm products, cotton, groundnut, hides and skin etcetera. But then oil was discovered in the south-south of Nigeria i.e. Rivers, Bayelsa, Edo and Niger Delta states, and agric production was abandoned. The essay question is What are the economic cost and benefits of oil industry in Delta, Nigeria? The objective of this essay is to find out what the economy cost and benefits of the oil industry in Delta state, Nigeria, and also I will examine just how the state has put up with the production of oil and also the effects i.e. the cost and benefits. 1.1 State Background Delta State is named after the delta region of the River Niger. Its capital is Asaba  [1]  . It is found in the south-south areas of Nigeria. Delta state consists of different ethnic groups like Urhobo, Igbo, Ezon, Isoko and Itsekiri but consist mainly of the Igbo people.Nigeria has a population of 151, 870, 000 people of which Delta state has a population of 4, 098, 291; the males are up to 2, 674, 306 while the females are up to 2, 024, 085  [2]  . Delta state is the second oil producing state in Nigeria after Rivers State, of which this oil production tends to be the most dangerous business in this economy. The local governments that produce oil in the Delta state are Warri North and South, Burutu, Isoko North and South, Ughelli North and South, Okpe, Ethiope East and West, Sapele and Ndokwa East and West  [3]  . The biggest oil refinery is found in Warri, which is a local government in Delta. 1.2 Map showing the location of Delta state in Nigeria: 4Delta State. 1.3 Research Methodology My process of research was divided into two methods; primary research and secondary research. 1.3.1 Primary Research My primary research involved The use of a questionnaire: The questionnaire was created addressing specific questions like; what has the government put in place to help the economy? and also what has the economy benefited from the oil production? A survey was used to get more personal information like; Government share of income and income of Petroleum Company. Interview was done; I interviewed the people living in the villages, the leaders of the town/villages. Asking them what the costs and benefits has been for oil production. I also interviewed employees from the Petroleum company (SHELL) I took pictures of the benefits from the oil production. 1.3.2 Secondary Research Secondary information was gained from the various websites, textbooks and articles. The information includes: a study of economic theory relating to externalities. Textbooks were used to get definitions. The internet was used to review other information that is relating to this topic. The reason for this is to see how this state is managing with its externalities. Internet was used to get background information on the state Internet was also used to get the cost of oil production in the state Images of the cost of oil production in the villages were gotten form the internet. The use of articles in the newspapers was used to get information on the current situation Problems Proposed Solutions Interviews and with the people in villages and the leaders of villages Language barrier Finding someone to help in translating. Interview with the employees of SHELL Release of private company information Use of other sources to get information like the radio, internet, newspapers etcetera Sharing of questionnaire and survey on land Riots in these areas were questionnaires were being distributed Go to areas where there is no riot to distribute questionnaires and do a survey.1.3.3 Possible difficulties and proposed solutions. 2 PRIMARY DATA ANALYSIS The employees and few people living in Delta were given questionnaires to find out certain information, about what the oil industries and the government have done with the economy from the benefit of oil production. The questionnaire was given to 20 employees at SHELL who were randomly selected from various departments and 20 people living in the economy. This section is showing the sets of results gotten from these individuals. Table 1: Results concerning responsibility by individuals in the community Issues Number of people Government Politicians Oil Industries Who do you think is responsible for the pollution in Delta? 20 2 0 18 90% of the people living in the community believe that the oil industries are the cause of the pollution which is right, and it is good to know that only 20% believe that the government is responsible which is not true. Table 2: Results concerning responsibility by SHELL employees Issues Number of people Agree Disagree Unsure Do you think it is your responsibility to make it right? 20 10 4 6 In the above pie chart 50% of the employees at Shell think it is their responsibilty to make things right in the economy that means they sould be able to stop the pollution the oil company is causing. This illustrates that half of the people in company are taking respnsibility for their actions. Table 3: Results concerning responsibility by the individuals in the community Issues Number of people Agree Disagree Unsure Do you think it is your responsibility to make it right? 20 5 7 8 40% of the individuals in the community are not sure whose responsibility it is to stop the pollution in Delta, 35% of the individuals dont think it is their responsibility to control pollution in the economy. This illustrates that most of the people in this community could be seen as ignorant since it is a few that are ready to take some responsibility to make things right. Table 4: Results concerning government action by the individuals in the community Issues Number of people Agree Disagree Unsure Is the government doing anything about the situation? 20 5 12 3 From the pie chart it has been shown that government is not taking action from the negative externality taken place in the state which is not good. From the primary data analysis it is seen that there are some problems Delta such as pollution etc and this is due to market failure. From the economic theory it is seen that if the marginal social benefits is > the marginal social costs or vice versa there would be market failure  [5]  . Market failure is due to the positive and negative externalities in the economy. The next section in this essay is going to state those economic cost and benefits of the oil production in Delta State. 3 INDENTIFICATION OF ECONOMIC COSTS AND BENEFITS. This section will contain the analysis of the economic costs and benefits in Delta state. There are a lot of problems in Delta state such as oil spills, waste dumping and gas flaring. The main problem in Delta is the oil spillage. The type of oil produced in the south-south is deep sea oil, which causes oil spillage and then leads to pollution; air, land and water pollution, the cause of this pollution has led to the damage of soil, water and air. The oil spills has caused farmers in the area not to fish and farm again because the pollution has spread in their sea and lands, thus thousands of people have been affected especially the poor people and those who rely on traditional way of living such as fishing and agriculture. But there are not only costs in the oil production there are also benefits in the fact that the state is making a lot of money in producing oil since oil is needed in a lot of countries. Externality occurs when the production or consumption of a good or service has an effect upon a third party  [6]  . If this effect is dangerous it can therefore be called a negative externality but if the effect is advantageous it is said to be a positive externality. Negative externalities bring about external costs and positive externalities bring about external benefits. The production of oil in Delta state can bring about both external costs and external benefits. 3.1 External Costs from Oil Industries. The people in the economy have endured oil spillage for years now. Oil spills are caused by corrosion of oil pipes, poor maintenance of infrastructure, and leaks during processing at refineries.  [7]  This oil spillage usually happens on the land and in the sea. The cause of oil spills in water is that, the oil has contaminated the water, so the fishes in the sea would die that means there wouldnt be any fishing or it would become poisonous and if it is poisonous when it is eaten the people in the economy would get ill. It could also harm the plants; plants could die because of oil spills and also animals that drink from the water. Also some places in Delta are not yet developed; in those places the people that live there usually have their bath in the sea so if they do that where the water has been affected the people could get skin disease. The oil spills on land would destroy crops; damage the soil the farmers use in farming for their family. The production of oil is making th e rich to get richer and the poor to stay poor and die of poverty. Gas flaring is when gas is burnt unsteadily. Gas flaring occurs when oil is pumped from the ground, this oil burnt then produces gas and the gas produced is burnt as waste in enormous flares. Thus the burning of this gas results to the damage of the environment, especially the areas which are nearest to the oil industries. The government and the industries have done nothing to stop the people from burning the gases and also they havent given any solution to the situation. People in that area are now having health problems; there would be air pollution thus leading to people inhaling chemicals that are not good for their health and sanitation problems; there would be water pollution, chemicals from the gas flare would make water dirty, that is the water the people in the area used to take their bath is going to affect their hygiene because the water would very dirty. The people in this area do not have money for medical bills and they do not have health insurance. The farms of these p eople living in this area have been destroyed so there is no other source of getting money to pay medical bills so this leads to the increase in death rate in that area. When oil is made from the industries, waste are also produced these waste are then dumped on the land and in the sea, thus destroying the environment and weakening the peoples right in their standard of living. The government have not tried anything to stop people from disposing this waste on the land and the sea, they have not realised that the sea has been contaminated by the various mixture of the oil and if they had they would have treated their water. These chemical substances in oil are very toxic and it can affect the people living in the area. People in this areas are dying of hunger, because their farms have been destroyed so there is nowhere else to get food from, farmers are now unemployed because their plants are dying so they have nothing to plant and sell to make money, hunters are also unemployed because the animals are dying due to them drinking water from the sea or eating plants that were poisonous. The children of these hunters and farmers cannot go to school again because there is no money to pay their school fees. Poverty hits these innocent people who depend on livelihoods Due to the negative impacts on the production of oil there have been a lot of complaints by the local communities, because of these complaints it has made some people from this community to become militants. Since the production of oil has caused poverty it has led some of these militants too undergo criminal acts like stealing the oil that has been produced; militants steal this to make money out of it, and also illegal bunkering of oil; that is shipping oil illegally to another country to make money without the consent of the government. Also another cause of militancy due to the production of oil is because the government, the industries and the politicians have refused to do something about the oil spillage, the government has not done anything to develop the state practically because they are gaining from the oil production and keeping the money to themselves; the people from the economy have watched these politicians, governments and the industries get richer so this now leads the militants among them in kidnapping the rich peoples children, there are also armed robberies; these militants rob the rich, and if people are being too aggressive when they are being robbed then the militants might kill them, so this could lead to death, they also take on fights with the Nigerian security forces; this makes the security force to fight back extremely and not considering the people in that area. Militants could go into fraud also known as 419 in Nigeria, they could do business that could cheat people and by cheating them, they could get money from them. All negative things are done because of the government, the industries and the politicians ignorance to the situation. Picture below shows gas flare at Ughelli West, Delta State, Nigeria. 8 Picture below shows the militants with their guns 9 Picture below shows damage of crops because of oil spills. 10 Figure 1: Diagram showing external cost of oil production in Delta State. Price of oil Welfare loss MSC MPC Negative externality P* a p1 Q* Q2 Quantity of oil. In figure 1, it shows that the marginal private cost of the industry is lower than the marginal social costs because of the pollution that was brought about when oil was produced, this pollution might have caused breathing problems for people and also poisoned food like fish. The industry would just be concentrating on its own private costs; because of this the industry would produce at Q1. At Q* marginal social cost is equal to the marginal social benefit resulting to a market failure. Too much oil is being produced at too low a price; this causes the misallocation of the societys resources. There is welfare loss i.e. where marginal social cost is greater than marginal social benefits. There are also negative externalities of consumption i.e. the pollution that is caused and how it affects the consumers. Negative externalities would make marginal social benefits less than the marginal private benefits. Figure 2: Diagram showing negative externality of consumption. Price of oil Welfare loss MSC P1 P* MPB Negative externality MSB Q* Q1 Quantity demanded. In figure 2 it shows that the oil industry keep on producing oil, and there is still oil spillage, they pay no attention to the negative externality they are creating, Marginal social cost becomes equals to marginal private cost. There is over-use of oil from Q* to Q1, there is also a welfare loss because Marginal social cost is greater than Marginal social benefits. It is difficult to reduce this pollution. First of all the costs of pollution are external in the sense that the cost of pollution are not paid for by the agents causing it, so there is no economic incentive in the market system to cause them to stop Second of all the people benefiting from the activities; those are the people producing the oil, they are causing pollution and imposing some costs on others. So the pollution needs to be reduced although the victims are meant to be compensated. 3.2 External Benefits from Oil Industries. The oil industries may have destroyed the communities in Delta but they have also made a lot of money for the state because of the production of their oil. As it is said above Delta state is the second oil producing state after Rivers state. The economy has benefited from the oil production. The money used from the oil production has been used for the improvements of infrastructural facilities such as construction of roads, bridges and provision of pipe borne water which benefits the villagers, increased use of electricity, better transport facilities and usefulness of petroleum products. The biggest oil company in the Delta state, The Shell Petroleum Development Company (Shell), a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell, is the main operator on land. Shell is located in Warri. Many Nigerians specifically those from Delta state are employees of Shell, working in an oil company means that those employees would be making a lot of money this means that there would be an increase in income per capita thus an increase in urbanization that means Delta would be more developed in the standard of living. Shell has provided a lot of benefits for the economy and for the workers. Such benefits is the provision of education for the children of the employees at the shell company, provision of houses, cars and also they pay for all the bills of the employees. Shell has contributed money to the construction of new private and public schools, schools for people of low and high classes. There are also schools for the residents of the state that is for those who could not afford to go to school. This is thus increasing the literacy rate in the economy. Educational competitions are organised and also sports to promote academic and physical excellence which benefit the individuals in the state. SHELL has also benefited from its own production of oil such as increased revenue from sales; their increase in production brings about huge profits to the company. There is also an increase in development in the SHELL Company; there is now advance technology like drilling equipment in which they can use to prevent or stop the oil spills. There is also an improvement in International relations such as an increase in production which has led to an agreement with oil consuming economies such as the United States and China. The oil company shell has tried to do its best in developing the economy but because of the corruption problems in Nigeria it affects the economy. The money used for infrastructure development has been taking by the government or the politicians for their own benefits. Pipe borne water that has been installed for the villagers has broken and the government take the money that has been giving to use it to fix it. Oil spills caused by the production of oil has spoilt the road, the money contributed by the economy to fix the roads has been stolen by the government. The public schools where children are meant to be going for free the government waste time in paying teachers their salaries, so these teachers go on strike and refuse to teachers these children, thus making the literacy rate unstable. There are benefits from the production of oil, but because of corruption by the government all the benefits are not taking place. If the benefits take place, there would be positive externalities because of the oil produced. Since there are positive externalities it means that the there would be welfare gain i.e. the marginal social benefit is greater than marginal social cost. The diagram below illustrates where the welfare gain is and that is between Q1 and Q*, it also shows that oil is produced at Q1 , if the production of oil is increased to Q* more welfare would be gained. Figure 3: Diagram showing positive externality. Price Welfare gain MPC P1 MSC P* MSB Q1 Q* quantity. Picture below shows an over-head bridge in Delta. Picture below shows house of a shell employee in Delta Picture showing a factory in Delta Picture below shows one of the good roads in Delta. 4 THE FUTURE This section is going to impose ways the government can control the negative externalities in the state. There are different ways the government can control these negative externalities but first of all the government should stop being ignorant and help the economy. If government stops being ignorant they can enforce laws to control and monitor pollution in the villages; introduce more national and marine; ensure that forestry companies re-plant trees; regulate use of contaminated land. Government can impose tax on oil companies to increase the private costs, if the government should do that the Marginal private would move upwards, there might still be welfare loss but it would be less than before. There should also be subsidies that is the amount of money paid by the government to a producer, it lowers the firms cost, these subsidies could be inform of grants, reduced taxation etcetera. With the money gotten from oil production government can use it to compensate victim of the negative externalities of oil production so that victims would not sue the offending firms. The government can pay damages to victims through free health coverage. Also since oil has now taking over the agricultural production which has caused the farmers and fishermen their jobs cause of the pollution, the government should build centers where they bring in professionals to teach them skills like mechanics, welding, painting, etcetera. If government cant find professionals they can encourage companies there to teach them the skills. If the government does this there would be fewer crises because those people would no longer be unemployed and there would now be less kidnapping, armed robbery, fraud etcetera. But if the oil industry continues with its act of polluting the environment the government should control their output in some way because it will not be possible to ban, if that doesnt work out the government could make new environmental laws and if the oil industry dont follow it then they would have to pay some amount of money since they have disobeyed the law, paying the money would increase their private costs. The diagram below shows the result if the oil industry has to pay tax. Figure 4: Diagram showing negative externality. MSC Price P* welfare loss MPC + tax P2 MPC P1 Q* Q2 Q1 Quantity of oil. Firms should also be able to help, at the moment in Delta state the oil industry that is really helping in the negative externalities in the economy is SHELL. Other firms should take part in helping and do things like changing its production of its techniques and operation like economizing on the amount of waste disposal from the oil production. Changing the materials used in packaging the oil, something that can be recycled should be used that it would be used again thus prevent burning of waste disposal. If government does this for the state there would a short term effect of pollution but in long term there will be no pollution. Therefore there would be less cost on the production of oil and also an increase in economy growth. But if government takes no action there would be a long term effect of oil production, and also a decrease in economy growth and an increase in the negative externalities of the economy. In conclusion it is only the government that has the power in stopping the increase of negative externalities in the economy especially if the industries do no take action, but if government takes no action and continues taking bribes or being corrupt the economy would therefore be suffering for the costs of oil production.

Gay and Lesbian Issues - The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals Essays

Gay and Lesbian Issues - The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals The Holocaust is the greatest atrocity ever committed. Millions upon millions of people were ruthlessly tortured and executed during the infamous reign of the Third Reich. The events and conditions surrounding Adolf Hitler’s rise to power have been extensively studied by historians, sociologists, political scientists, and psychologists in the hopes of preventing this state of merciless dictatorship from ever recurring. Due to the immensity of the Nazi campaign against those of the Jewish faith, that ethnic group is most often mentioned in association with the concentration camps and exterminations of the Third Reich. However, there were many other groups who were persecuted alongside the Jews. These groups include political dissidents, criminals, gypsies, the handicapped, Jehovah’s Witnesses, emigrants, and homosexuals (Heger 32). The plight of homosexuals is, perhaps, the most overlooked aspect of the Holocaust. Of all the concentration camps, Sachsenhaussen, just nort h of Berlin, was the most important in the imprisonment and execution of homosexuals. The conditions under which all prisoners here were forced to live were absolutely inhuman, but for homosexuals it was far worse. As the one group that was despised by both the Nazis and those who were imprisoned within concentration camps, gays were persecuted with the greatest enthusiasm, and because of the taboos surrounding their lifestyle, their tragedy was left unnoticed for nearly three decades. The persecution of homosexuals at Sachsenhaussen was a natural outgrowth of the Nazi idea of the â€Å"master race† and was made possible by manipulation of German law. Homosexuals, according to Nazi propaganda, ... ...he testimonies of gay survivors from Sachsenhaussen are to teach us anything, it is that they, like the Jews and every other group exterminated by the Nazis, were victims. Their tragedy has been compounded by society’s rejection of their plight. In order to truly abolish the dangerous views of Nazism, we must first learn to accept all people as human beings, no matter what their national origin, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation may be. This must be our goal if we are to prevent the atrocities of Sachsenhaussen from ever happening again. References Feig, Konnilyn G. Hitler’s Death Camps. New York: Holmes & Meier, 1979. Heger, Heinz. The Men With the Pink Triangle. London: Gay Men’s Press, 1972. Plant, Richard. The Pink Triangle. New York: Henry Holt, 1986. Rector, Frank. The Nazi Extermination of Homosexuals. New York: Stein and Day, 1981.

Heart of Darkness vs Things Fall Apart Essay

â€Å"Heart of Darkness† and â€Å"Things Fall Apart† show a variety of ways of depicting Africa in literature. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, Joseph Conrad shows the continent of Africa through the stereotypical perspective of the European sailors, who had a tendency to depict the natives of the land as savages, and in response to that matter, Chinua Achebe wrote â€Å"Things Fall Apart† through the non-stereotypical depicting perspective of the natives of the land to show Africans, not as savages or primitives, but as members of a traditional society. European prejudice is presented in a verifiable way in â€Å"Heart of Darkness†. The main character of â€Å"Heart of Darkness† or protagonist, Marlow, is a sailor who travels through Africa and describes the natives that he comes in contact with as savages. Marlow compares these different individuals to animals of some specific nature or just to the wilderness of the jungle, respectively. There was a point in this novel where Marlow’s vision came in contact with a pit in the ground. He noticed that it was a pit made for the natives to go and rest in peace or in other words die. Marlow describes those natives that were there stating, â€Å"Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth in all attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair they were nothing earthly now, nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation One of these creatures rose to his hands and knees and went off on all fours towards the river to drink† (Conrad 17). This descriptive portrayal shows the natives as â€Å"shadows† and nothing more than mere â€Å"black shapes† and not as individuals or men who are simply just dying. These men are no longer men, they have been stripped of all their characteristics which makes them human to dehumanizing characteristics where none can tell the difference of one dying man to another. None of the dying men are described by oneself, which makes it difficult for the reader to see where one man ends to where the individual begins. This creates an effect where these individuals look like eometric shapes and symbols of some sort. These depictions in which Marlow stated originates from a very stereotypical saying. The saying is that all Africans are made the same and one can not tell the difference between them even if much effort is applied. Similarly, there was an African man who was crawling to the river in order to quench his thirst. The way he was crawling in general is very dehumanizing. To make the matter worse and more dramatic, he crawled on his hands and knees which is animal-like and very degrading. The man is described to be on all fours just to get a drink, but when looking towards the European side, there is no way in Heaven that they’d be described like that. None. On the other hand, the European people would drink from a tap or maybe boil water from a well of some sort in order to have a refreshing drink. The natives are compared to animals of the wild when Marlow begins describing one of the workers on the ship. Marlow states, â€Å"to look at him was as edifying as seeing a dog in a parody of breeches and a feather hat walking on his hind legs† (Conrad 36). This worker simply shows that the savages who are the Africans have a possibility of being tamed because, â€Å"He ought to have been clapping his hands and stamping his feet on the bank† (Conrad 37). One can see that this man has been stripped of being a human being. He is now an animal, a dog, maybe, who is being trained to do some type of trick. From Marlow’s point of view he is still an animal and none the less, this man is pretending to be a civilized being. Marlow doesn’t stop there though. He continues to downgrade this European man by describing him to be just like the natives on the land. All in all, this is stereotypical. Furthermore, Marlow keeps his ball rolling by depicting the African natives as â€Å"prehistoric† and â€Å"simple†. He states, â€Å"The prehistoric man was cursing us, praying to us, welcoming us who could tell?†¦ we glided past like phantoms, wondering and secretly appalled, as sane men would be before an enthusiastic outbreak in a mad house† (Conrad 35). In the mind of Marlow, the natives are so primitive that they are in an aspect denied of having a language. Marlow sits there and begins to wonder â€Å"who could tell? instead of making an effort to understand what the natives were saying out of their mouth. What can actually be inferred from this quote is that, the natives were probably jumping up and down like a bunch of kindergarten students at recess or something similar to that. One can’t really be sure, but in all Marlow didn’t even try to grasp what the native Africans were saying probably because he felt that they were savages, or maybe their intellectual mindset wasn’t as great and average to the Europeans, or the native Africans didn’t have anything reasonable to say. Joseph Conrad with respect and similarity to Marlow, may have chosen to not include a specific language probably because he was influenced by the European stereotypes of Africans. What can be inferred from this is that, the removal of a language suggests that the native Africans have nothing that is sophisticated enough to say that would be reasonable or important to add to the plot of the novel. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, the native Africans are very underdeveloped, just like a third world country would be, in order to have a control of language. Though, there are moments in which there is language which supports the native savage (Africans) at which this is the time a reader might even hear an African speak. Joseph Conrad uses a specific technique when he writes. He uses a limited exposure to the native Africans’ voices which tries to ignore anything that might bring stereotype about. In response to Joseph Conrad and the Europeans and their use of stereotypical depiction of Africans, Chinua Achebe, the author of â€Å"Things Fall apart† portrayed Africans in a humanizing and traditional society. The Igbo tribe goes against the European stereotype in â€Å"Things Fall Apart†. The main character or protagonist Okonkwo does not agree nor does he disagree with the European belief that is shown in the novel. He is described in the novel to be, â€Å"a man of action, a man of war† (Achebe 8). Okonkwo is a very honorable man in the Umofia village, even though he has a very displeasing streak which is of violent nature. With Okonkwo’s strength and inability to be feminine, he is afraid of anything that is of feminine nature. â€Å"His whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness. It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his father. Even as a little boy, he resented his father’s failure and weakness. And so Okonkwo was ruled by one passion to hate everything that his father Unoka had loved. One of those things was gentleness and another was idleness† (Achebe 10). What can be inferred from this quote is that, this is probably why Okonkwo was always in need of something that was filled with action but he still didn’t fashion â€Å"idleness†. With the combination of these two aspects, Okonkwo can not handle the outcome. Instead when violence is applied to this equation, Okonkwo is as good as can be. With this being said, this further supports the European stereotype as savage-like. When looking deeply into the details that â€Å"Things Fall Apart† display, one can notice the contrasting aspects between Umofia and Okonkwo. Okonkwo doesn’t have any respect for his wives. As an Igbo man, Okonkwo man-handles his wives and children without holding back. Noticing the tone at this point in the novel, one can see that it is very much common for Igbo men in general to beat the ripe bananas out of their wives and children, but at a certain time. Okonkwo man-handled his wife during Umofia’s Week of Peace. Beating your wives and children in order for them to have respect for you is one thing, but when one disobeys the traditional setting of the clans week of peace then drastic problems do arise. â€Å"Okonkwo was not the man to stop beating somebody half-way through, not even for fear of a goddess. It was unheard-of to beat somebody during the sacred week† (Achebe 19). Since Okonkwo felt as if he was the man on top of all and that he could do as it pleased him so, problems arose between himself and Umofia. The feminine force is his wife. And with that being noted, Okonkwo could not remove himself from his violent streak for even a week. Just a week†¦ but when comparing this to the perspective of â€Å"Heart of Darkness† this form and lack of self-control goes to the Europeans motive that Africans are savages. Towards the end of the novel, Okonkwo commits suicide by hanging himself. When the District Commissioner look at Okonkwo’s lifeless body, he states â€Å"In the book which he planned to write The story of this man who had killed a messenger and hanged himself would make interesting reading. He had already chosen the title of the book, after much thought: The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger† (Achebe 117). What can be inferred from the title of the book is that the District Commissioner is prejudiced about the native Africans. In â€Å"Heart of Darkness†, Africans are also described as â€Å"primitive†, which shows that the European’s stereotype is so vast that it is able to be used in two very separate and different works. All in all, in â€Å"Heart of Darkness† the Europeans notions was that all Africans are the same; they are primitive, savages, and inhuman. In contrast to that stereotype, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† showed a traditional society, where the members are not inhuman. Unsatisfactorily, Okonkwo who is the protagonist of â€Å"Things Fall Apart† was not an effective representation of a civilized individual of a traditional society. But, he was an exceptional member of the society. And even though the stereotype of Africans has not been destroyed, it empowers the European beliefs.

The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlalis.

The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlalis. The Issues of Women Characters in Miriam Tlali'sMuriel at MetropolitanA South Africa writer, Pamala Ryan, provides an interesting analysis of Miriam Tlali's Muriel at Metropolitan by arguing that: "[...] black women do not have time to dream" (95). The lives of black women are besieged with restraints and conflicts. Black women in South Africa do not have the "complete peace inside" (Ryan 95); they strive against racial discrimination and injustice to claim their freedom. The struggle gives black women the consciousness of self and the consciousness of a black society. Tlali's novel Muriel at Metropolitan is about the relationship between struggle and change, and the pain of black women's lives. In the novel, the struggles that the main character, Muriel, undertakes are against racism and social classes; her fight to claim her freedom of voice leads to Muriel's self-growth.The main element that Muriel fights against is racism.Muriel Barbery"Racism is the only evil that affects black women" (Christian, Concept 80). Clearly, racial discrimination is in the system of societal and psychological restrictions that have critically affected the lives of South African women. A scholar, Barbara Christian, argues that because of racism and social restrictions, black women lost their womanly nature.Because black women were, by nature of their race, conceived of as lower class, they could hardly approximate the norm of womanhood. They had to work; most could not be ornamental or withdrawn from the world; and, according to the aesthetics of [South Africa], they were not beautiful. [...] Any aggressiveness or intelligence on their part, qualities necessary for participation in the work world, were construed as unwomanly and tasteless. On one hand, they could not achieve the standard of womanhood; on the other hand, they were biologically females, with all the societal restrictions associated with...

Various Revenue Sources in Sport Today

Various Revenue Sources in Sport Today Free Online Research Papers In professional sports there are many sources of revenue for individual franchises. The most important source of revenue for most franchises is ticket sales. The Washington Capitals reportedly have increased season-ticket prices by nearly 60% on â€Å"some distant seats at Verizon Center but are reducing prices in other sections to keep the average price roughly the same as last season.† The Washington Capitals revenue from ticket sales this year has increased about 10% from last year even though the attendance rates were practically the same. The Washington Post reports the reason for the increase is in part due to the team handing out fewer free and discounted tickets. On a similar note the Ottawa Senators are raising their ticket prices for the first time in four years. The ticket price will increase 4.5% in an attempt to move closer to the National Hockey League average season ticket price. The franchise has offered other incentives to increase season ticket holders such as skateing with the players, open practices and chances to win trips to Barbados to watch a game with owner Eugene Melnyk. The season ticket holder price is still 52% less than single game ticket prices. In an attempt to increase attendance, the St. Louis Blues will lower the prices for the 07-08 season. It is reported that the decrease will be a blended 8% across the board. This is happening just after the Blues increased there ticket prices from last season but obviously were not meeting expectations. Also the Nashville Predators are raising ticket prices for next season by 7.25% through 41.7%, marking just the third increase in the club’s nine-year history. Predators Executive Vice President of Business Affairs Steve Violetta said â€Å"The fans understand that we’re playing catch-up a little bit as far as other teams and getting to the league average. We have to stay competitive on the revenue side.† He added that single-game prices â€Å"have yet to be set but are likely to rise as well.† Besides tickets sales other revenue sources include naming rights deals for st adia and arenas. In Washington D.C., a Virginia based real estate firm, Kettler, inked a deal to name the practice facility leased by the Washington Capitals â€Å"Kettler Capitals Iceplex.† The Iceplex has two NHL sized rinks and the building puts the training facilities and the corporate offices under the same roof for the first time. The facility is worth 42 million dollars and the deal was settled at 400,000 dollars for seven years. The Dallas Cowboys and team owner Jerry Jones is laying the ground work for the biggest naming rights deal in history asking for around 1 billion dollars for the naming rights of there stadium. Without doubt the most revenue generating is done by television broadcast deals between the professional leagues. For instance the National Football League has without a doubt the most lucrative broadcast rights deal. CBS, NBC, FOX, and ESPN pay the NFL a combined total of 3.1 billion dollars per year to broadcast league games. However, these unprecedented revenues are not seen in other professional sports leagues. For instance, the National Hockey League has been informed that ESPN will not match the offer made by Comcast for NHL broadcast rights. ESPN has paid the NHL 60 million dollars for broadcast rights but Comcast recently offered 200 million dollars for 3 years of broadcast rights. Major League Baseball is trying to get its hands involved in the Asian market to increase its league’s revenues. Since the league opened an office in Tokyo several years ago, revenues have doubled to more than 100 million dollars annually. Japan is â€Å"viewed as a gateway to large untapped Asian markets, such as China.† The league thinks its best strategy is to promote the rivalry between the New York Yankees and the Boston Red Sox since they have famed pitcher Daisuke Matsuzaka and Yankees have left fielder Hideki Matsui. Research Papers on Various Revenue Sources in Sport TodayNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasLifes What IfsThe Spring and AutumnThe Hockey GameTwilight of the UAWPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is Art

T&m-wk7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

T&m-wk7 - Essay Example Thus, she would be able to understand the different personality traits that the students have and design the classroom activities accordingly. Furthermore, it will also help in the identification of the children at risk for adjustment problems and take appropriate measures. The information that is collected through the administration of the FFPI-C should be kept private and confidential. The children should be able to withdraw themselves and their data any time during or after the research. Furthermore, there is an issue whether the parents of the children should know about the results of the personality tests or not (Lefaivre, Chambers & Fernandez, 2007). Pennie you are using Myers-Briggs test for the purpose of personal development and leadership training among the members of Parent Teacher Organization (PTO). The purpose for which you chose this particular test is quite apt because the test basically investigates areas such as group dynamics, leadership training and personal development. On the other hand, it would have been much clearer if you had mentioned the four personality traits that the test measures. These include â€Å"extroversion and introversion, sensing and intuition, feeling and thinking and judgment and perception.† These traits should have been mentioned because it would have helped the reader to better understand the purpose of using Myers-Briggs in a group setting (Ford-Martin, n.d). Even though, administering Myers-Briggs in a Parent Teacher Organization (PTO) is quite appropriate, but you can also use it in an organization where teams are established to fulfill organizational goals. The employees’ personality traits can be evaluated using Myers-Briggs test after which the teams would be made accordingly. This will help in bringing people with different personality traits together and achieve the organizational goals through a combined effort (MBTI: Type at Work, n.d). As you suggested